Technical SEO is a very important step in the whole SEO process. If there are problems with your technical SEO then it is likely that your SEO efforts will not generate the expected results.
It is thus crucial to make sure that you understand what is technical SEO and how to get it right.
The good news is that after you do a technical SEO audit of your website and fix any potential problems, you won’t have to deal with them again.
In this post, you will learn what is technical SEO, what are the best practices to follow, and how to do a technical audit of your website using our technical SEO checklist.
Technical SEO
- What is Technical SEO
- Technical SEO Best Practices
- Technical SEO Checklist
What is Technical SEO?
Technical SEO refers to the process of optimizing your website for the crawling and indexing phase. With technical SEO, you can help search engines access, crawl, interpret and index your website without any problems.
It is called “technical” because it has nothing to do with the actual content of the website or with website promotion. The main goal of technical SEO is to optimize the infrastructure of a website.
To understand what is the true meaning of technical SEO, let’s start with some basic terminology.
What is SEO?
First, let’s recap what is SEO?. The most simplified definition is that SEO is the process of optimizing your website for Search engines.
Optimization in the SEO context means:
- Make sure that search engines can access and index your website without any problems
- Having high-quality content that matches the intent of the searcher
- Giving search engines crawlers the right signals to understand the structure of your website
- Helping search engine spiders understand the meaning (context) of your content.
- Giving search engine algorithms reasons to trust your website and rank it higher than other websites.
Once you do all the above correctly, your website will be SEO friendly and a candidate to appear in the SERPS for many searches (related to your content).
How do you start SEO?
If you have read my previous article on how search engines work, you should know that the first step taken by search engines long before answering a search query, is the crawling and indexing process.
During this process, search engines are looking for publicly available web pages to add to their index.
They discover, read and organize these pages into their database so that they are later accessed by their algorithms to provide precise answers to the queries entered by users.
To get the whole picture, look at the diagram below which shows the three-main pillar of SEO: Technical SEO, On-Page SEO, and Off-page SEO.
On-Page SEO is related to content and how you can make it more relevant to what the user is searching and off-page SEO (also known as link building), is the process of getting mentions (links) from other websites to increase trust during the ranking process.
As you can see in the diagram above, there are no clear boundaries between technical, on-page, and off-page SEO because they all have to work together for a fully optimized website.
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Technical SEO Best Practices
Now that it’s clear what is technical SEO, let’s see what are the best practices to follow. You can use the list below to carry out your own technical SEO audit.
- Specify a Preferred Domain
- Optimize Your Robots.txt
- Optimize Your URL Structure
- Navigation and Website Structure
- Add Breadcrumb Menus
- Structured Data Markup and SEO
- Check Your Canonical URLs
- Optimize Your 404 Page
- XML Sitemap Optimization
- SSL and HTTPS
- Website Speed
- Mobile Friendliness
- Pagination and Multilingual Websites
- Register Your Website with Webmaster tools
1. Specify a Preferred Domain
When setting up your website or blog, you need to specify your preferred domain. By doing so you instruct search engines as to which variation of the domain you want to use throughout the lifetime of your website.
Let’s see why you need to do this.
A website by default is accessible with www and without www in front of a domain name.
For example, if your domain is example.com, your website can be accessed by both http://www.example.com and http://example.com (i.e. without the www).
While this is ok for users, it is confusing for search engines because they consider these as two different websites.
This means that you may encounter indexing issues, duplicate content problems, and loss of page rank.
To solve this problem, you need to set your preferred domain and inform search engines about your choice.
www or no www?
One of the questions many people have is whether to use www in front of their domain or to go with the non-www version.
There is no SEO advantage from choosing one format over the other, it’s a matter of personal preference.
I prefer to have www in front of my domains because it seems more natural to me but there is nothing wrong if you decide to go with the HTTP version.
What is important is to inform search engines about your decision and be consistent throughout the lifetime of your website.
In case you change your mind, you can use 301 redirections to switch between the different formats, but this is not recommended because there is always a risk from making domain migrations.
How to set your preferred domain
In the past, the setting to specify your preferred domain was available in Google Search Console but Google decided to remove this option and rely on canonical URLs.
For more information about canonical URLs and how to use them to help search engines understand your preferred domain, read this guide.
2. Optimize Your Robots.txt
Once you are done with setting your preferred domain, the next step is to check and optimize your robots.txt file.
What is robots.txt?
Robots.txt is a text file residing in the root directory of your website that gives instructions to search engines as to which pages of your website they can crawl and add to their index.
The format of this file is very simple and in the majority of cases, you don’t have to make any changes to it.
What is important though is to check and ensure that there are no false blockings that will discourage search engine crawlers from indexing your website.
For more information, you can read: How to optimize and validate your robots.txt
3. Optimize Your URL Structure
The next item in your technical SEO audit list is to revise the URL structure of your website. By URL structure we mean the format of your URLs.
Best SEO practices dictate the following about URLs:
- Use lowercase characters
- Use – to separate words in the URL
- Make them short the descriptive
- Avoid using unnecessary characters or words
- Use your target keywords in the URL without keyword stuffing
In general, once you define the format of your permanent link structure, the only thing you will have to do is to optimize your URLs when publishing new content.
If you are using WordPress as your CMS, you will notice that when creating a new post, WordPress takes your post title and creates the URL.
For example, if this is your post title “10 Technical SEO Best Practices For Beginners”, the URL generated by WordPress will be http://www.example.com/10-technical-seo-best-practices-for-beginners.
This is not bad, but you can make it shorter like this http://www.example.com/technical-seo which is more targeted and easier to remember.
As in the case of the preferred domain, if you decide to change your permanent link structure you can do so using 301 redirects.
It is not recommended though to change the URLs of existing points, there is little value in doing so, but you can follow the best practices for your new posts.
For more information and examples, you can read: What is an SEO Friendly URL
4. Navigation and Website Structure
The structure of a website is a very important SEO factor for many reasons.
Users are more likely to stay on a website longer and find out what they want faster and search engines can understand and index a website easier.
A big mistake many webmasters make is that in their effort to optimize their websites for conversions, they forget about navigation and site structure and they end up damaging their SEO.
A typical example is to hide from users their archive pages and have all content under a single category.
In the past, it was thought that archive pages or multiple category pages could hurt your SEO but this is a bad SEO practice.
Google does take into account the overall structure of a website when evaluating a particular page and this is something that shouldn’t be overlooked.
Of course, your category pages should be optimized if you want to have any benefit.
In addition, as stated by Google (see screenshot below from their guidelines), a well-defined structure helps webmasters pinpoint to Google the important content of a website, something that will greatly help in pushing higher rankings of the pages that really matter.
For more information and best practices about navigation and site structure read: How to SEO your site structure
5. Add Breadcrumb Menus
A breadcrumb menu is a set of links at the top or bottom of a page that allows users to navigate to a previous page (usually the category page) or to the home page of a website.
A breadcrumb menu serves two main purposes: it helps users navigate a website easily without having to press the back button on their browsers and it gives another hint to search engines about the structure of a website.
Breadcrumbs are mentioned as an SEO element in various SEO Guides because they are highly recommended by Google.
If you don’t already have breadcrumbs enabled, make sure that they are enabled on your website and that they have the proper schema.
For more information read: Breadcrumbs and SEO
6. Structured Data Markup and SEO
Structured data is gaining more and more importance in the last few years because it is heavily used by Google in Search Results.
What is structured data?
In simple terms, structured data is code you can add to your web pages that is visible to search engine crawlers and helps them understand the context of your content. It’s a way to describe your data to search engines in a language they can understand.
How is structured data related to technical SEO?
Although structured data has to do with the content of a website, it is part of technical SEO because you need to add code to your website to get it right. Usually, you add the structured data definition once and then you don’t have to do anything about it.
For example, in the case of breadcrumbs, you need to configure your structured data once and no further actions are required.
The same with articles. Once you add the correct structured data definition to your CMS it will automatically be applied to new content.
What is the benefit of using structured data?
It can help you enhance the presentation of your listings in the SERPS either through featured snippets, knowledge graph entries, etc, and increase your CTR.
What are the uses of structured data?
There are many ways you can use structured data to describe your content. The most popular are: articles, recipes, events, job postings, local business, and more.
For more information on how to add structured data to your website read: What is Schema Markup?
7. Check Your Canonical URLs
Each and every page of your website should have a canonical URL. This is defined by adding the tag <link rel=”canonical” href=”yourpageurl”>, in the <head> of your posts and pages.
What is a canonical URL?
It’s a simple way to tell Google which version of a page to take into account when indexing your website. The concept is similar to the preferred domain where a single page is accessible through various URLs.
You can use the rel=”canonical” when you have pages with similar content, for paging purposes and to avoid duplicate content issues when you add content to your website from other websites.
As a general rule, you should specify a canonical URL for all your website pages.
The simplest way to check if your website provides a canonical URL is to visit any of your pages, right-click anywhere on the page and select VIEW SOURCE. Search for rel=canonical and investigate the value.
If you cannot find any reference to canonical then you can either use a plugin to add this automatically (if you are on WordPress you can use Yoast SEO) or hire a developer to make the necessary changes to your code.
As with other technical SEO elements, once you set your website to output the canonical URL correctly, you don’t have to do anything else.
For more information read: What is a canonical URL
8. Optimize Your 404 Page
A 404 page is shown to the users when the URL they visited does not exist on your website. Maybe the page was deleted, the URL was changed or they mistyped the URL in their browsers.
Most modern WordPress themes have optimized 404 pages by default, if not you can easily make your 404 page SEO friendlier by using a plugin or editing your theme templates.
What is an optimized 404 page?
An optimized 404 page should:
- Have the same structure and navigation menus as your website
- Tell visitors in a friendly language that the page they are looking for is no longer available
- Give them alternatives (suggest other related pages)
- Make it easy to go back to the previous page, your homepage, or other important pages
How to check your 404 pages?
Testing how your 404 page looks is very easy, just open a new browser window and type a URL on your website that does not exist. What will be shown in the browser is your 404 page.
Don’t spend too much time optimizing your 404 pages, just make sure that when a page is not found it returns a custom 404 page.
9. XML Sitemap Optimization
One of the most important elements of technical SEO is XML sitemap optimization.
An XML Sitemap is an XML file that lists all pages/posts available on your website. Besides their title, it also includes the published date and last updated date.
Search engines can use the XML sitemap as a guide when crawling a website.
How to Optimize your XML Sitemap?
XML sitemap optimization is simple, only include in your sitemap the pages that are important for your website. In the majority of cases, these are your pages, posts, and categories.
Don’t include in your sitemap tag pages, author pages, or other pages that have no original content on their own.
Make sure that your sitemap is automatically updated when a new page is published or when a page is updated.
Use the Google search console and Bing Webmaster tools, to submit your sitemap to Google and Bing and check the status.
For more information read this guide: How to optimize your XML Sitemap for maximum SEO.
10. SSL and HTTPS
The latest trend on the Internet is security. HTTPS is a known ranking signal and an additional way to establish trust with your users.
When you install an SSL on your server, your website can be accessed using HTTPS and not HTTP. This indicates that any information transferred between your website and server (such as usernames, passwords, personal data, etc) is encrypted.
In the past, SSL was important for eCommerce websites but nowadays any website on the Internet should have an SSL installed.
If you don’t have SSL installed the first thing to do is to contact your hosting provider and ask them to enable SSL on your account then you need to follow a migration procedure to activate SSL on your website without losing your rankings.
Adding an SSL is similar to migrating to a new domain so you will have to follow the procedure with care.
Read my previous guide: How to migrate your website to HTTPS without losing SEO for step-by-step instructions.
11. Website Speed
Another known ranking signal is website speed. Google is mentioning the importance of speed in all their SEO recommendations and studies confirm that faster websites perform better than slower websites.
Tackling website speed is a technical issue and it requires making changes to your website and infrastructure to get good results.
Your starting point is to check your speed using three tools: google page speed insights, Pingdom tools, and google mobile speed tool.
The above tools will give you some recommendations on what you need to change to improve your speed but as I mentioned above it’s a technical issue and you may have to hire a developer to help you.
In general, what you can do to make your website load faster is the following:
- Upgrade your server to use 64 bits operating system
- Upgrade to PHP 7.2 -> this will give you huge improvements in speed compared to PHP 5.2.
- Optimize the size of your images. There are tools to help you do this without losing quality.
- Minimize the use of plugins
- Upgrade WordPress and all plugins to the latest versions
- Don’t use heavy pre-made themes. They add a lot of code that is not needed, better invest in a custom-made theme.
- Optimize and minify your CSS and JS Files
- Using a caching plugin to serve cached pages to users
- Avoid adding too many scripts in the <head> of your website
- Use asynchronous javascript loading
For more information on how to improve your page speed read: How to increase page speed (easy guide).
12. Mobile Friendliness
Having a mobile-friendly website is not optional. Most probably the majority of your users are on mobile and with the introduction of the mobile-first index by Google, if you don’t have a fast, mobile-friendly website your rankings will suffer.
Mobile-friendliness is part of technical SEO because once you have a mobile-friendly theme, that is properly configured, you don’t have to deal with this again.
It’s also a task that requires technical knowledge on how to set it up.
The first thing to do is to check the mobile-friendliness of your website using this tool from Google.
If your website doesn’t pass the test, you have a lot of work to do and this should be your first priority.
Even if it does pass the test, there are a number of things you need to know about mobile and SEO.
- Your mobile website should have the same content as your desktop site. With the introduction of the mobile-first index, Google will try and rank mobile websites based on their mobile content so any content that you have on the desktop should also be available on mobile (including any internal links or other elements available on your desktop website).
- Your mobile website should load in less than 6 seconds (when tested on 3G).
- It is normal to have a lower conversion rate on mobile (compared to desktop), but that does not mean that you shouldn’t try and optimize your mobile website as much as possible.
- Avoid using popups on mobile
If you already have a responsive website, then most probably you won’t have to worry about the mobile-first index but if you are having a separate mobile website on a subdomain or folder, then make sure that it has the same content as your desktop website.
13. Pagination and multilingual websites
The last two items in your technical SEO audit list are pagination and multi-lingual websites.
They are both very technical tasks and you only have to deal with them if they apply to your website.
Pagination
Pagination is used when you want to break up a long page into multiple shorter pages and when you enable paging in your category pages.
To avoid duplicate content issues and to consolidate links and page rank to your main page, you can make use of rel=”next” and rel=”prev” links to tell search engines that the subsequent pages are a continuation of the main page.
When Google finds the rel=”next” and rel=”prev” links in the code, it will understand which is the main page and it will use that for indexing purposes.
If you do have pagination enabled on your website, read this guide from Google.
Multi-Lingual websites
If you have content on your website in more than one language, then you need to make use of the hreflang attribute to give Google more information about your site structure and content.
This will help them serve the right content to users (i.e. to show Swedish people content in Swedish) and it will also help you optimize your SEO by avoiding duplicate content and indexing issues.
For more information on how to handle multilingual websites, read this guide.
14. Register Your Website with Webmaster tools
To carry out the most important technical SEO tasks, you need the help of webmaster tools. Webmaster tools are provided by search engines and can be used to optimize a website for technical SEO.
The most complete set of tools is the Google Search Console, provided by Google.
With the Google search console, you can test your robots.txt file, submit a sitemap to Google and find and fix crawl errors.
It is highly recommended to register your site with Google and Bing webmaster tools and configure the basic settings. The guide below can help you get started.
Recommended Guide: How to use Webmaster tools
Technical SEO Video
Watch the video tutorial to learn what technical SEO is and how it works.
Technical SEO Checklist
If you have reached this point, then most probably you have a very good idea now of what is technical SEO and why it is treated separately from on-page SEO and Off-Page SEO.
Even if you have done this before, it’s always a good idea to perform a technical SEO audit of your website, and this is your technical SEO checklist.
- Specify a preferred domain
- Check and optimize your robots.txt
- Check and optimize your URL Structure
- Revise your navigation and website structure
- Add breadcrumb menus to your posts and pages
- Add schema markup for breadcrumbs
- Add structured data to your homepage
- Add structured data to your posts
- Add structured data to other pages (based on their type)
- Check your canonical URLs
- Optimize your 404 Page
- Optimize and submit your XML sitemap to Google and Bing
- Enable HTTPS
- Check your loading speed and try to make your website faster
- Check the mobile-friendliness of your website
- Check your pagination and multilingual settings
- Register your website with Google Search Console
- Register your website with Bing Webmaster tools
To further check the optimization level of your website, you can perform a general SEO Audit, which includes a lot more checks that go beyond technical SEO.
Best Technical SEO Courses – A list of the best technical SEO courses to take online and learn technical SEO fast.
Conclusion
Technical SEO consists of a number of checks and settings you need to optimize to help search engines crawl and index your website without any problems.
In the majority of cases, once you get your technical SEO right, you won’t have to deal with it again, other than doing periodical SEO Audits.
The word technical implies that you need to have some technical knowledge to carry out some of the tasks (like page speed optimization, adding structured data, etc.) but it’s necessary to do it otherwise your website won’t reach its full potential.
In case you need more information about some of the tasks, our SEO Courses cover all aspects of technical SEO in detail and will guide you through the process step-by-step.
